Abstract
This article introduces a hidden instability mode of grid-following inverters at low power levels. It is known that grid-following inverters become unstable due to weak grid conditions and improper control parameters. However, this article elaborates on a hidden instability mode, which can occur at a power level below the inverter's nominal value. The nonlinearity of PQ control loops explains how the inverter becomes unstable for a narrow range of active power setpoints below the inverter's nominal value. This phenomenon is explained using a full-order dynamic model of PQ-controlled inverters. This work also presents a stability criterion, identifying a margin for this hidden instability mode. This phenomenon and the stability criterion are verified by a set of experiments using a 3kVA inverter feeding a programmable 208V, 12kW power grid emulator.
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