Abstract
BackgroundIn scoliosis corrective surgery, total blood loss is composed of visible blood loss, including intraoperative haemorrhage and drainage, and hidden blood loss in which blood extravasates into the tissues and accumulates in the surgical field. The purpose of this study was to investigate hidden blood loss (HBL) and its potential risk factors in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients undergoing posterior spinal fusion surgery and elucidate the influence of HBL on the necessity for postoperative blood transfusion.MethodsWe retrospectively studied adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients undergoing posterior spine fusion for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis from January 2014 to December 2018 at our hospital. The patients’ demographics, blood loss-related parameters, surgeries and blood loss data were extracted. The association between patient characteristics and HBL was analyzed by Pearson or Spearman correlation analyses. Multivariate linear regression analysis was used to determine independent risk factors associated with HBL. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the influence of HBL on the necessity for postoperative blood transfusion.ResultsA total of 765 patients, of whom 128 were male and 637 were female (age range 10–18 years), were included in this study. The mean volume of HBL was 693.5 ± 473.4 ml, accounting for 53.9 % of the total blood loss. The multivariate linear regression analysis revealed that preoperative Hct (p = 0.003) and allogeneic blood transfusion (p < 0.001) were independent risk factors for HBL, while tranexamic acid (p = 0.003) was negatively correlated with HBL. Binary logistic regression analysis showed that HBL > 850 ml (P < 0.001, OR: 8.845, 95 % CI: 5.806–13.290) was an independent risk factor for the necessity for postoperative blood transfusion.ConclusionsSubstantial HBL occurred in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients undergoing posterior spinal fusion surgeries. Allogeneic blood transfusion and preoperative Hct were independent risk factors for HBL, while tranexamic acid was negatively related to HBL. HBL and its influencing factors should be considered when planning perioperative transfusion management. Patients with HBL greater than 850 ml should be closely monitored in cases of postoperative anaemia.Level of evidenceLevel III.
Highlights
In scoliosis corrective surgery, total blood loss is composed of visible blood loss, including intraoperative haemorrhage and drainage, and hidden blood loss in which blood extravasates into the tissues and accumulates in the surgical field
The results indicated that preoperative Hct (p = 0.003) and allogeneic blood transfusion (p < 0.0001) were independent risk factors for hidden blood loss (HBL), while tranexamic acid (p = 0.003) was negatively correlated with HBL (Table 3)
Significant continuous variables were transformed into categorical variables by their cut-off points. These variables were further analyzed by binary logistic regression, and the results revealed that HBL > 850 ml (P < 0.001, OR: 8.845, 95 % CI: 5.806–13.290) was an independent risk factor for postoperative blood transfusion (Table 5)
Summary
Total blood loss is composed of visible blood loss, including intraoperative haemorrhage and drainage, and hidden blood loss in which blood extravasates into the tissues and accumulates in the surgical field. The purpose of this study was to investigate hidden blood loss (HBL) and its potential risk factors in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients undergoing posterior spinal fusion surgery and elucidate the influence of HBL on the necessity for postoperative blood transfusion. Xu et al [3] showed that the HBL in posterior lumbar interbody fusion surgery accounted for approximately 61 % of the total blood loss in rheumatoid arthritis patients. To date, few published studies have examined HBL in posterior spinal fusion surgeries for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.
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