Abstract
In this paper, we study mobile element (ME)-based data-gathering schemes in wireless sensor networks. Due to the physical speed limits of mobile elements, the existing data-gathering schemes that use mobile elements can suffer from high data-gathering latency. In order to address this problem, this paper proposes a new hierarchical and cooperative data-gathering (HiCoDG) scheme that enables multiple mobile elements to cooperate with each other to collect and relay data. In HiCoDG, two types of mobile elements are used: the mobile collector (MC) and the mobile relay (MR). MCs collect data from sensors and forward them to the MR, which will deliver them to the sink. In this work, we also formulated an integer linear programming (ILP) optimization problem to find the optimal trajectories for MCs and the MR, such that the traveling distance of MEs is minimized. Two variants of HiCoDG, intermediate station (IS)-based and cooperative movement scheduling (CMS)-based, are proposed to facilitate cooperative data forwarding from MCs to the MR. An analytical model for estimating the average data-gathering latency in HiCoDG was also designed. Simulations were performed to compare the performance of the IS and CMS variants, as well as a multiple traveling salesman problem (mTSP)-based approach. The simulation results show that HiCoDG outperforms mTSP in terms of latency. The results also show that CMS can achieve the lowest latency with low energy consumption.
Highlights
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) that consist of a number of low-cost, low-power stationary sensors have been widely used in various applications such as environmental monitoring, industrial sensing, and battlefield surveillance [1]
We have proposed a new hierarchical and cooperative data-gathering (HiCoDG) scheme that enables multiple mobile elements to cooperate to collect and relay data
mobile collector (MC) collect the data from sensors, and the mobile relay (MR) gathers the data from the MCs, delivering them to the sink
Summary
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) that consist of a number of low-cost, low-power stationary sensors have been widely used in various applications such as environmental monitoring, industrial sensing, and battlefield surveillance [1]. In order to avoid the energy-hole problem, mobile data-gathering schemes have been studied [3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21] In such schemes, mobile elements (MEs) (e.g., autonomous robots) are used to collect the data from sensors and bring the data to the sink. In order to achieve low data-gathering latency with minimal energy consumption, this paper proposes a new hierarchical and cooperative data-gathering (HiCoDG) scheme where two different types of MEs cooperate to collect and relay data from sensors to the sink.
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