Abstract
The State of California released a draft maximum contaminant level (MCL) for hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] of 10 μg/L, which is five times lower than the current California total chromium (Cr) MCL. Cr(VI) and total Cr are covered by the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule 3 (UCMR3), with potential federal regulation on the horizon. The City of Glendale, Calif., in partnership with other entities, completed a decade of research identifying, testing, and implementing treatment technology options for removing Cr(VI) to low microgram‐per‐litre levels, including weak‐base anion (WBA) exchange, reduction/coagulation/filtration (RCF), and strong‐base anion (SBA) exchange. Demonstration‐scale testing of WBA at 425 gpm and RCF at 100 gpm for more than two years proved the effectiveness of the technologies at achieving < 1 μg/L Cr(VI) in treated water. Primary considerations in technology selection include disposal options for residuals, water quality, operational staff training, footprint, and cost.
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