Abstract
A pilot‐scale study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of reduction/coagulation/filtration (RCF) integration into conventional filtration treatment processes for hexavalent chromium (CrVI) and total chromium removal from surface water. RCF was effective for CrVI and total chromium removals of > 99 and > 93%, respectively, from surface water spiked with 25 μg/L CrVI. However, longer filter ripening and higher headloss accumulation rates were observed. Increased aluminum sulfate (alum) and filter aid dosages were assessed to improve filter performance; alum slightly improved performance, while filter aid reduced performance. Increased chlorine contact time with low chlorine dosages enhanced iron–chromium floc formation and reduced filter ripening and headloss accumulation rates resulting in longer filter run times. CrVI removals decreased from > 99 to > 98% while total chromium removals increased to > 98%. These results demonstrate that RCF integration effectively decreased CrVI and total chromium in surface water while maintaining regulatory compliance.
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