Abstract

Plants, being sessile, are often exposed to various kinds of harsh environmental conditions which adversely affect growth, metabolism and yield. Among various abiotic stresses, drought, salinity, gaseous pollutants and heavy metals are important environmental stressors which severely affect plant growth. Photosynthesis is essentially the only mechanism of energy input into living world. The decline in productivity in many plant species subjected to harsh environmental conditions is often associated with a reduction in photosynthetic capacity. Heavy metals have been increasing in the environment (air, water and soil) as a result of rapid industrialization, urbanization and agricultural runoff. Many of these metals have adverse effects on growth and metabolic processes in plants, including reduction in chlorophyll content, chloroplast degeneration, reduced photosynthesis and inhibition of enzyme activities.

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