Hexane extract from Polygonum multiflorum attenuates glutamate-induced apoptosis in primary cultured cortical neurons

Abstract

Ethnopharmacological relevancePolygonum multiflorum has traditionally had wide use as an anti-aging treatment in East Asian countries. We investigated the neuroprotective effects of Polygonum multiflorum against glutamate-induced neurotoxicity with a focus on the anti-apoptotic mechanism in primary cultured cortical neurons. Material and methodsCell viability, cytotoxicity, morphological, flow cytometry, Western blot, and caspase activity assays were performed for examination of the neuroprotective effects of active hexane extract from Polygonum multiflorum (HEPM). ResultsPretreatment with HEPM resulted in significantly decreased glutamate-induced neurotoxicity in a concentration-dependent manner and also resulted in drastically inhibited glutamate-induced apoptosis. Treatment with HEPM resulted in decreased expression of glutamate-induced death receptor (DR)4, and enhanced expression of glutamate-attenuated anti-apoptotic proteins, including Bcl-2, XIAP, and cIAP-1, and slightly reduced glutamate-induced cleavage of Bid. In addition, treatment with HEPM resulted in suppressed glutamate-induced activation of caspase-8, caspase-9, and caspase-3, and, subsequently, decreased degradation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, β-catenin, and phospholipase Cγ1 protein, which are downstream targets of activated caspase-3. ConclusionsThe results of this study demonstrated that HEPM exerts a neuroprotective effect against glutamate-induced neurotoxicity via inhibition of apoptosis. This protection may be mediated through suppression of DR4 and up-regulation of Bcl-2, XIAP, and cIAP-1, as well as inhibition of caspase activation, resulting in prevention of apoptosis of cortical neurons.