Hexamerization by the N-terminal domain and intersubunit phosphorylation by the C-terminal domain of cyanobacterial circadian clock protein KaiC

Abstract

Cyanobacterial clock protein KaiC has a hexagonal, pot-shaped structure composed of six identical dumbbell-shaped subunits. The opposing spherical regions of the dumbbell-shaped structures correspond to the N-terminal and C-terminal domains of KaiC. Previously, we hypothesized that the N-terminal domain of KaiC is responsible for the ATP-induced hexamerization of KaiC while the C-terminal domain is responsible for the phosphorylation of KaiC (Hayashi et al. 2004, J. Biol. Chem. 279, 52331–52337). Here, we tested that hypothesis using the purified protein of each domain. We prepared N-terminal and C-terminal domain proteins (KaiC N and KaiC C, respectively), examined their function by analyzing their ATP- or 5′-adenylylimidodiphosphate (AMPPNP; an unhydrolyzable ATP analog)-induced hexamerization, interactions with KaiA, and phosphorylation, and we demonstrated the following: (1) KaiC N had higher ATP- or AMPPNP-induced oligomerization activity than KaiC C. (2) KaiCc had phosphorylation activity as KaiC WT whereas KaiC N had no activity. (3) KaiC C interacted with KaiA whereas KaiC N did not. (4) The interactions of KaiC C with KaiA did not require that KaiC has a hexamer structure. (5) The interactions of KaiC C with KaiA enhanced the phosphorylation of KaiC C. Furthermore, we presented evidence for the intersubunit phosphorylation of KaiC. KaiC CatE2 - , which lacks KaiC phosphorylation activity due to mutations of the catalytic Glu residues, was phosphorylated when it was co-incubated with KaiC C. We propose that the KaiC hexamer consists of a rigid ring structure formed by six N-terminal domains with hexamerization activity and a flexible structure formed by six C-terminal domains with intersubunit phosphorylation activity.