Hexachlorobenzene-Induced Immunomodulation and Skin and Lung Lesions: A Comparison between Brown Norway, Lewis, and Wistar Rats

Abstract

Strain dependence of the induction of skin and lung lesions by hexachlorobenzene (HCB) in the rat was studied to further the insight into the etiology of the lesions. To this end, 3- to 4-week-old female Brown Norway (BN), Lewis, and Wistar rats received diets supplemented with 150 mg (BN and Lewis), 450 mg (BN, Lewis, and Wistar) or 900 mg (BN and Wistar) HCB per kilogram diet for 4 weeks. Gross skin lesion development during exposure as well as pathologic changes in skin and lungs and various parameters of immunomodulation after exposure were assessed. General toxicity as judged by a slight increase in body weight gain and induction of liver cell hypertrophy was similar in BN and Lewis rats exposed to 450 mg/kg HCB and in Wistar rats exposed to 900 mg/kg HCB. Skin lesions ranged from redness to large exudating sores with crusts. With regard to dose, time of onset, incidence, and severity, skin lesions were very severe in BN, moderate in Lewis, and negligible in Wistar. Porphyrins could not be detected in the skin, whereas porphyrins in the liver were seen only in Lewis rats. Histology showed epidermal hyperplasia, deep dermal venules with activated endothelium, and deep dermal inflammatory infiltrates mainly consisting of eosinophilic granulocytes in BN and of mononuclear cells in Lewis and Wistar. Nonlesional skin of HCB-exposed rats showed very similar, though less prominent, changes. Lung pathology appeared negligibly strain-dependent; histology showed venules with an activated endothelium surrounded by a perivascular infiltrate as well as focal alveolar macrophage accumulations in all strains. Parameters of immunomodulation showed moderate strain dependence; relative spleen weights were dose-dependently increased in BN and Wistar and in the 450 mg/kg group in Lewis rats. BN rats showed a more marked splenomegaly than the other strains. Relative popliteal lymph node weights were increased significantly in BN and Lewis rats exposed to 450 mg/kg HCB. In all strains, HCB increased lymph node HEVs. Serum IgE and IgG levels were increased significantly in a dose-dependent way in BN rats only. Total serum IgM levels were elevated significantly in BN, Lewis, and Wistar rats that received 450 mg/kg and in Wistar rats that received 900 mg/kg HCB. Serum IgM levels against ssDNA were dose-dependently increased in all strains, being more marked in BN and Lewis than in Wistar rats. It is concluded that the HCB-induced inflammatory skin and lung pathologies have different etiology. Pronounced strain differences in the skin lesions suggest a specific involvement of the immune system. Skin lesions correlated significantly with all assessed parameters of immunomodulation in BN, with some in Lewis and with none in Wistar rats. No correlation was observed between the parameters of immunomodulation and lung lesions.