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Abstract
It is expected that electric vehicles (EVs) will be important part of smart gird, not only in form of load but also as distributed energy source in Vehicle to Grid (V2G) system. As increase of EVs integration, V2G contributes to improve flexibility, reliability and stability of grid by providing ancillary services. These services, however, could accelerate degradation of battery whose price is almost half of EV. Thus, battery degradation cost must be considered while scheduling of EV charging. In this paper, a battery degradation cost model of EV lithium-ion batteries was incorporated in the optimal charging schedule of 400 EVs. EVs are located to 33 bus system in order to consider network losses in calculations. Heuristic algorithms such as Genetic Algorithm (GA), Differential Evolution (DE), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) are used for solving the associated optimization problem. The objective function aims to maximize user profit under dynamic pricing. Also, distribution system and EVs constraints are considered during optimization. The numerical results illustrate that each of the used heuristic algorithms able to mitigate peak loads and improve voltage levels. GA presents the most profitable charging scheduling in terms of EV owners.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.eie.24.6.22283
Highlights
Number of electric vehicles (EVs) has been rapidly increasing in transportation due to environmental and economic reasons
SIMULATION RESULTS It is assumed that EVs are using for commuting propose so they leave to work in the morning and back in the evening
This paper presents solution for maximizing user profit using heuristic algorithms accounting for battery degradation as well as costs of variable electricity costs and incentives
Summary
Number of EV has been rapidly increasing in transportation due to environmental and economic reasons. This means, charging load of EVs will constitute the substantial portion of demanded power from grid in near future. In case of charging process of EV is not scheduled, it may create defects in distribution system such as voltage limit violation, overload, increase in peak etc. EV batteries have ability to inject energy to grid if required connections are provided. The researches reveal benefits of V2G for distribution system operation such frequency regulation, voltage support, peak load shaving and maintaining the power system reliability [2]
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