Heuristic Computation Offloading Algorithms for Mobile Users in Fog Computing

Abstract

The investigation in this article makes the following important contributions to combinatorial optimization of computation offloading in fog computing. First, we rigorously define the two problems of optimal computation offloading with energy constraint and optimal computation offloading with time constraint. We do this in such a way that between execution time and energy consumption, we can fix one and minimize the other. We prove that our optimization problems are NP-hard, even for very special cases. Second, we develop a unique and effective approach for solving the proposed combinatorial optimization problems, namely, a two-stage method. In the first stage, we generate a computation offloading strategy. In the second stage, we decide the computation speed and the communication speeds. This method is applicable to both optimization problems. Third, we use a simple yet efficient greedy method to produce a computation offloading strategy by taking all aspects into consideration, including the properties of the communication channels, the power consumption models of computation and communication, the tasks already assigned and allocated, and the characteristics of the current task being considered. Fourth, we experimentally evaluate the performance of our heuristic algorithms. We observe that while various heuristics do exhibit noticeably different performance, there can be a single and simple heuristic that can perform very well. Furthermore, the method of compound algorithm can be applied to obtain slightly improved performance. Fifth, we emphasize that our problems and algorithms can be easily extended to study combined performance and cost optimization (such as cost–performance ratio and weighted cost-performance sum optimization) and to accommodate more realistic and complicated fog computing environments (such as preloaded mobile edge servers and multiple users) with little extra effort. To the best of our knowledge, there has been no similar study in the existing fog computing literature.