Abstract
While the notion that resource integration is central to understanding value co-creation in service ecosystems, there is currently no clear and detailed definition of resource integration. The philosophical concept of emergence makes a clear distinction between instances of resource integration based on emergent relations between resources, here termed heteropathic resource integration, and instances of resource integration based on summative relations between resources, here termed homopathic resource integration. It is the new emergent properties that result from heteropathic resource integration that become an important factor in enhancing resourceness and thus value co-creation. Using the concept of emergence, heteropathic resource integration may lead to new emergent properties in service ecosystems, properties which may help and/or hinder the viability of service ecosystems. The assessment of the value co-created by resource integrators may be related to these new emergent properties.
Highlights
The emerging use of dc loads, such as dc fast charging stations for electric vehicles, supports the change from completely ac based grids to a mix of ac and dc distribution
Depending on the ac grid voltage level, the voltage rating of the voltage source rectifier (VSR) and the requirement to provide galvanic isolation, a distribution transformer is needed between ac grid and VSR
It can be seen that during the transients of the short-circuit fault, the output current goes beyond 1000 A, meaning that the control of the VSR will be tripped off according to the specifications
Summary
The emerging use of dc loads, such as dc fast charging stations for electric vehicles, supports the change from completely ac based grids to a mix of ac and dc distribution. In grid areas with a high number of dc loads, potentially in combination with battery energy and photovoltaic systems, low voltage (LV) dc microgrids offer higher efficiencies in comparison to ac solutions due to the reduced number of conversion stages [1]. Such grids require power electronics converters for dc grid-forming and interfacing with the upstream ac grid. A minimum output capacitance of the grid-forming unit is required to provide adequate fault current for selective tripping of feeder fuses.
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