Abstract
Immunological memory and tolerance represent major achievements and advantages of adaptive immunity. Organisms bearing adaptive immunity display prominent competitive advantages in the fight against infections. Memory immune cells are preserved for decades and are able to repel a second attack of an infectious agent. However, studies performed in the XXI century have shown that even unrelated pathogens may be quickly and effectively destroyed by memory cells. This type of response is called heterologous so that heterologous immune response is mainly typical to viral infections and other intracellular infections, where T-cells play a lead role in protection. This review will discuss various mechanisms involved in implementing T-cell cross-reactivity, describe molecular prerequisites for heterologous T-cell responses. Experimental evidence of memory T-cell potential to heterologous immune response in mouse models and in human infections are also discussed. Heterologous immune response is an important immune arm in adults and the elderly when the yield of naive cells to the periphery declines due to thymus involution. Along with obvious advantages, heterologous immune response leads to imbalanced memory T-cell repertoire, replacement of immunodominant epitopes with minor ones allowing viruses to evade immune response that results in virus persistence, or, conversely, fulminant infection course. Another threat of heterologous immune response due to switch in dominant repertoire of recognizable epitopes is presented by random self-epitope recognition, which can lead to development of autoimmune pathology. Heterologous immunity can also disrupt drug-induced tolerance in organ and tissue transplants and lead to graft rejection. Heterologous immune response should be taken into consideration while developing and using new vaccines, especially in adults and the elderly.
Highlights
Инфекция и иммунитет immune cells are preserved for decades and are able to repel a second attack of an infectious agent
Studies performed in the XXI century have shown that even unrelated pathogens may be quickly and effectively destroyed by memory cells. This type of response is called heterologous so that heterologous immune response is mainly typical to viral infections and other intracellular infections, where T-cells play a lead role in protection
Heterologous immune response is an important immune arm in adults and the elderly when the yield of naive cells to the periphery declines due to thymus involution
Summary
Также обсуждаются экспериментальные подтверждения способности Т-клеток памяти к гетерологичным иммунным ответам на мышиных моделях и при инфекциях у человека. Гетерологичные иммунные ответы являются важной составляющей иммунитета у взрослых и пожилых, когда в результате инволюции тимуса снижается выход наивных клеток на периферию. Гетерологичные иммунные ответы приводят к перекосам в репертуаре Т-клеток памяти, замене иммунодоминантных эпитопов на минорные, что позволяет вирусам ускользать от иммунного ответа, приводя к персистенции вируса, или, напротив, к фульминантным формам инфекции. Другая опасность гетерологичного иммунного ответа — это случайное распознавание аутоэпитопа в результате смены доминантного репертуара распознаваемых эпитопов, что может приводить к развитию аутоиммунной патологии. Также гетерологичный иммунитет может нарушать индуцируемую медикаментозно толерантность при пересадках органов и тканей и приводить к отторжению трансплантата. Ключевые слова: гетерологичный иммунитет, кросс-реактивность Т-клеток, Т-клетки памяти, вирусные инфекции, иммунопатогенез
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