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Abstract
Biomass has been long exploited as an anthropogenic energy source; however, the 21st century challenges of energy security and climate change are driving resurgence in its utilization both as a renewable alternative to fossil fuels and as a sustainable carbon feedstock for chemicals production. Deconstruction of cellulose and hemicellulose carbohydrate polymers into their constituent C5 and C6 sugars, and subsequent heterogeneously catalyzed transformations, offer the promise of unlocking diverse oxygenates such as furfural, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, xylitol, sorbitol, mannitol, and gluconic acid as biorefinery platform chemicals. Here, we review recent advances in the design and development of catalysts and processes for C5-C6 sugar reforming into chemical intermediates and products, and highlight the challenges of aqueous phase operation and catalyst evaluation, in addition to process considerations such as solvent and reactor selection.
Highlights
Biomass has been long exploited as an anthropogenic energy source; the 21st century challenges of energy security and climate change are driving resurgence in its utilization both as a renewable alternative to fossil fuels and as a sustainable carbon feedstock for chemicals production
Prior to a detailed account of catalytic systems developed for the aqueous reforming of C5−C6 sugars, we introduced the most common reaction classes and their interrelations
Significant progress has been made in the development of heterogeneous catalysts and associated processes for the transformation of C5 and C6 sugars related to biorefinery applications
Summary
Despite a plethora of original research on heterogeneous catalysts for the transformation of (hemi)cellulose-derived C5− C6 sugars into oxygenates, aliphatic, and cyclic compounds over the past five years, there have been no comprehensive reviews encompassing the range of associated acid, base, and metal catalysis reported. This Review focuses primarily on the aqueous phase reforming of such sugars, highlighting promising heterogeneously catalyzed isomerization, dehydration, hydrogenation/hydrogenolysis, and selective oxidation pathways, with a view to identifying structure−function relationships, and exploring the role of active phase and (where applicable) catalyst support in controlling overall activity, selectivity, and reusability. Prior to a detailed account of catalytic systems developed for the aqueous reforming of C5−C6 sugars, we introduced the most common reaction classes (isomerization, dehydration, hydrogenation/hydrogenolysis, and selective oxidation) and their interrelations
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