Heterogeneous nucleation for synthesis of sub-20 nm ZnO nanopods and their application to optical humidity sensing

Abstract

We present a novel method for colloidal synthesis of one-dimensional ZnO nanopods by heterogeneous nucleation on zero-dimensional ZnO nanoparticle ‘seeds’. Ultra-small ZnO nanopods, multi-legged structures with sub-20nm individual leg diameters, can be synthesized by hydrolysis of a Zn2+ precursor growth solution in presence of ∼4nm ZnO seeds under hydrothermal conditions via microwave-assisted heating in as little as 20min of reaction time. One-dimensional ZnO nanorods are initially generated in the reaction mixture by heterogeneous nucleation and growth along the [0001] direction of the ZnO crystal. Growth of one-dimensional nanorods subsequently yields to an ‘attachment’ and size-focusing phase where individual nanorods fuse together to form multi-legged nanopods having diameters ∼15nm. ZnO nanopods exhibit broad orange-red defect-related photoluminescence in addition to a near-band edge emission at 373nm when excited above the band-gap at 350nm. The defect-related photoluminescence of the ZnO nanopods has been applied towards reversible optical humidity sensing at room temperature. The sensors demonstrated a linear response between 22% and 70% relative humidity with a 0.4% increase in optical intensity per % change in relative humidity. Due to their ultra-small dimensions, ZnO nanopods exhibit a large dynamic range and enhanced sensitivity to changes in ambient humidity, thus showcasing their ability as a platform for optical environmental sensing.