Heterogeneous hybrid entrepreneurs - framing the variation in entrepreneurial effort and motives for hybrid entrepreneurship

Abstract

This paper brings together two important distinctions in the study of entrepreneurship: the difference between full-time and hybrid entrepreneurship and the difference between productive and unproductive or predatory entrepreneurship. We combine the literature on hybrid entrepreneurship, primarily identifying significant differences compared with full-time entrepreneurs, with an adapted framework to distinguish different motives for entrepreneurial effort aimed at productive or unproductive and predatory outcomes. This provides an overview which allows us to identify potential venues for further research to understand both hybrid entrepreneurship and the role it may play in the economy in the future.