Abstract
In cereal species such as wheat (Ttiticum aestivum) and barley (Hordeum vulgare), many studies have indicated that VERNALIZATION 1 (VRN1) functions as a flowering promoter, which activates florigen gene expression. The wheat florigen gene Wheat FLOWERING LOCUS T (WFT, which is identical to VRN3) is an integrator of the vernalization, photoperiod and autonomous pathways in wheat flowering, and the WFT expression is correlated with the VRN1 expression. VRN1 encodes an APETALA1/FRUITFULL-like MADS-box transcription factor which expression is induced by vernalization, leading to flowering thorough up-regulation of WFT. In Arabidopsis, it has been reported that protein-protein interactions are keys for MADS-box protein function and MADS-box transcription factors must dimerize to bind to the target gene. In this study, by using gel permeation chromatography (GPC) with purified VRN1 protein, we indicated the possibility that VRN1 protein exists as tetramer-like as flowering homeotic MADS-box proteins in Arabidopsis.
Highlights
A lot of long-day plant species show an adaptation termed vernalization in which an extended period of low temperature in winter results in the flowering competency during the following spring [1]
The wheat florigen gene Wheat FLOWERING LOCUS T (WFT, which is identical to VRN3) is an integrator of the vernalization, photoperiod and autonomous pathways in wheat flowering, and the WFT expression is correlated with the VERNALIZATION 1 (VRN1) expression
By using gel permeation chromatography (GPC) with purified VRN1 protein, we indicated the possibility that VRN1 protein exists as tetramer-like as flowering homeotic MADS-box proteins in Arabidopsis
Summary
A lot of long-day plant species show an adaptation termed vernalization in which an extended period of low temperature in winter results in the flowering competency during the following spring [1]. Recent studies have revealed that vernalization systems evolved independently in different plant groups [2] In temperate cereals, such as wheat (Triticum aestivum) and barley (Hordeum vulgare), three genes have been identified to control the vernalization requirement, namely, VERNALIZATION 1 (VRN1), VRN2 and VRN3 [3]. A phylogenetic study of the AP1-like MADS box genes indicated that WAP1 belongs to one close subclade together with TaVRT-1 of wheat [4], VRN1 of T. monococcum [7], BM5 of barley [10] and LtMADS1 of Lolium temulentum [11], suggesting that they are the same gene and the difference of sequence is due to polymorphism. We revealed the possibility that wheat VRN1 protein exists as tetramer-like as flowering homeotic MADS-box proteins in Arabidopsis
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