Heterogeneous activation of peroxymonosulfate by supported cobalt catalysts for the degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol in water: The effect of support, cobalt precursor, and UV radiation

Abstract

In order to generate sulfate radicals (SRs) as oxidizing species for the degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) in water, we explored heterogeneous activation of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) by supported cobalt catalysts. More attention was given to the effect of support materials (Al2O3, SiO2, TiO2) and cobalt precursors (Co(NO3)2, CoCl2, CoSO4) on cobalt–support interaction, cobalt leaching, and reactivity of the catalysts. Especially, the feasibility of simultaneous generation of SRs and hydroxyl radicals (HRs) in PMS-Co/TiO2 systems was first studied under ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Much lower cobalt leaching was observed in Co/Al2O3 and Co/TiO2 systems than that of Co/SiO2 most probably due to their relatively strong cobalt-support interaction. Co/TiO2 catalyst prepared with Co(NO3)2, compared to CoCl2 or CoSO4 (where Cl− and SO42−, respectively, were not completely removed upon heat treatment at 500°C), showed strong cobalt–support interaction, and thereby exhibited negligible cobalt leaching. Under UV radiation, Co/TiO2 at Co/Ti molar ratio of 0.001 showed significant improvement in the degradation of 2,4-DCP due to HRs. The effective generation of HRs in the system can be explained with Co(III)-mediated charge transfer from the photoinduced electrons to PMS, inducing facilitation of photoinduced electron-hole separation. However, high cobalt loading (i.e., Co/Ti molar ratio of 0.1) on TiO2 surface exhibited negligible enhancement of 2,4-DCP transformation under UV radiation since the penetration of UV light to TiO2 was prohibited by the cobalt.