Abstract
Breast cancer is malignant tumor occurred on breast epithelial tissue, although the mortality rate of breast cancer decreases, it remains one of the highest mortality rate diseases. Ignoring few exceptions, almost all tumors are derived from one single cancer cell. However, in clinical diagnosis, most human tumors demonstrate amazing heterogeneity in many morphological and physical characteristics. At the molecular level, human breast cancer is a complex heterogeneous disease in natural history. The combination of molecular origin and malignant cells and the diversity of hosting environment created the tumor subpopulations, which have different phenotypic characteristics. These subpopulations have different responses to the treatment and clinical outcomes. According to the combined affection of genetic and epigenetic instability and therapeutic interventions, different evolutionary routes will be generated thereby caused the inevitable tumor heterogeneity. In this review, the heterogeneous indication of genetic and epigenetic and metastatic as well as the potential causes and their effect for the clinical management of breast cancer were discussed.
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