Heteroblasty—A Review

Abstract

Virtually all plants show a certain degree of variation among individual metamers during ontogeny. In some cases, however, there are abrupt and substantial changes in form and function (e.g. in leaf form, leaf size, phyllotaxy, internode length, anthocyanin pigmentation, rooting ability, or wood structure). These plants were called “heteroblastic” by Karl Goebel more than a century ago, but the functional significance of this type of ontogenetic change, the evolutionary trajectories in different plant groups, even their frequency in the plant kingdom are still unresolved issues. We argue that slow progress is partly due to an on-going terminological confusion and the lack of distinction between other developmental processes such as ontogenetic drift. This review develops a conceptual framework for future scientific work, proposes a quantitative index of heteroblasty, and discusses the evidence for developmental regulation, functional significance, and evolutionary implications of heteroblasty to provide a stimulating basis for further research with this fascinating group of plants.