Abstract
Long cycle performance is a crucial requirement in energy storage devices. New formulations and/or improvement of “conventional” materials have been investigated in order to achieve this target. Here we explore the performance of a novel type of carbon nanospheres (CNSs) with three heteroatom co-doped (nitrogen, phosphorous and sulfur) and high specific surface area as anode materials for lithium ion batteries. The CNSs were obtained from carbonization of highly-crosslinked organo (phosphazene) nanospheres (OPZs) of 300 nm diameter. The OPZs were synthesized via a single and facile step of polycondensation reaction between hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (HCCP) and 4,4′-sulphonyldiphenol (BPS). The X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) analysis showed a high heteroatom-doping content in the structure of CNSs while the textural evaluation from the N2 sorption isotherms revealed the presence of micro- and mesopores and a high specific surface area of 875 m2/g. The CNSs anode showed remarkable stability and coulombic efficiency in a long charge–discharge cycling up to 1000 cycles at 1C rate, delivering about 130 mA·h·g−1. This study represents a step toward smart engineering of inexpensive materials with practical applications for energy devices.
Highlights
Scientific and industrial research in rechargeable batteries has been extended beyond the “conventional” lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) technology, driven by the ongoing development of high power demanding applications and tools [1]
It is worth which characterized by acarbons fast ratedoped with completion within seconds. in HCCP/co-monomer ratio mentioning that the doping of carbon materials multiple is desirable for energy and HCCP concentration are two important factorswith controlling theheteroatoms size of the organo (phosphazene) nanospheres (OPZs)
Heteroatom co-doped carbon nanospheres were successfully prepared by a carbonization process of highly cross-linked poly(cyclotriphosphazene-co-4,41 sulphonyl diphenol) nanospheres
Summary
Scientific and industrial research in rechargeable batteries has been extended beyond the “conventional” lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) technology, driven by the ongoing development of high power demanding applications and tools [1]. Compared to Wang’s work, the obtained nanospheres had similar textural characteristics (particle size and specific area) and semi-graphitized structure but higher electrochemical performance (978 mAh ̈ g1 @50 mAg ́1 after 50 cycles) which was attributed to the high hydrogen-doping favoring the Li binding [12]. While the components at higher binding energies are ascribed to atmospheric contamination (H2O, C‐OH, COOH, etc.), the component at 530.5 eV is likely successfully incorporated in the CNSs as confirmed by XPS analysis; the S 2p spectrum (Figure 4e) shows the S 2p3/2 and S 2p1/2 peaks at 163.4 and 164.6 eV respectively, which are consistent with.
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