Hermitian and pseudo-Hermitian Hamiltonians of [formula omitted] system—Spectrum, exceptional point, quantum–classical correspondence

Abstract

We in this paper study the relation of hermiticity and energy spectrum for Hamiltonians consisting of SU(1,1) generators. In contrast with the common belief, the transition from real to imaginary spectra can appear at an exceptional point for the Hermitian Hamiltonian of a conservative system. The imaginary domain of spectrum resulted from an inverted potential well unbounded from below. An outward force applies on the particle, which moves acceleratingly away from the central point similar to the minisuperspace model of expanding universe. The Hamiltonian remains Hermitian beyond the exceptional point in a price that the boson-operator realization of SU(1,1) generator Ŝz becomes non-Hermitian. Oppositely a non-Hermitian Hamiltonian (called pseudo-Hermitian) possesses real eigenvalues in the entire region of interaction constant, which increases the gradient of potential well. While the Hermitian interaction decreases the gradient continuously to zero, namely the exceptional point, where eigenstates are degenerate. We extend the non-Hermitian Hamiltonian to the periodically time-dependent and two-dimensional system. The probability density of wave function coincides with classical orbits, which are derived from the corresponding classical-counterpart of the non-Hermitian quantum Hamiltonian.