Hermann's tortoise (Testudo hermanni): current distribution in Italy and ecological data on a population from the north Adriatic coast (Reptilia, Testudinidae)

Abstract

The current distribution of the Hermann's tortoise, Testitelo hermanni (Gmelin, 1789), in Italy is very scattered. Most of populations occur along the Thyrrhenian coast, particularly southern Tuscany, and Latium, where the most high density was observed. Other populations, probably autochthonous, can be found in Campania and in Calabria. Along the Adriatic coast, the biggest populations can be found in Apulia, Abruzzo and Molise. The species also occurs in some sites of Sicily and Sardinia. In the northern Italy, the Hermann's tortoise has almost disappeared and can be found only in the Po River Delta, such as the Bosco della Mesola. Sites are mainly located in the coasts but, in some cases, also in the inland up to mountains slopes. Further sightings in other areas concerned isolated individuals probably released from captivity. In the present paper the results of a population study carried out in the Bosco della Mesola Reserve, are discussed. The population structure is dominated by adults over 20 years old. The home range size was larger for the females than for the males. Longer daily distances were covered in spring and summer, while movements were greatly reduced during post and prehibernation periods. Conservation strategies should be based on: (1) verifying the taxonomic status and the origin of the Italian population through the analysis of genetic distances; (2) monitoring all the major populations in order to assess their status and dynamics; (3) establishing new protected areas in Mediterranean coastal habitats, to protect autochthonous populations and increase population density in case of low numbers. In order to increase the reproductive success of the Hermann's tortoise within protected areas, enclosures should be set out where to raise pairs of breeders. Young turtles should be released in core areas of the reserves, without anthropic disturbance. Moreover, the sites where females laid eggs should be fenced by wire net, in order to prevent predation up to the hatching. The goal is to create a pool of specimens useful for reintroduction and restocking.