Hereditary kidney cancer - easily clarified and diagnosed with ToSCaNA

Abstract

In recent years great improvements in the diagnosis and differentiation of hereditary syndroms with predisposition for kidney cancer have been achieved. It has been assumed that 5-8% of all kidney cancer have a hereditary origin. In reality, this number will probably be much higher as many genetic aspects of kidney cancer are still not entirely known. Hereditary kidney cancer usually shows two characteristic properties: While the median age of diagnosis of sporadic renal cell carcinoma is 64 years, patients with a hereditary tumor predisposition are about 20 years younger at the time of diagnosis. Additionally, their tumors often occur multifocal/bilateral. Therefore, a special management with extended diagnostics is necessary for these young kidney cancer patients. In literature many reports on hereditary syndromes with kidney cancer predisposition exist. Though, these papers usually put their focus on single syndromes rather than on the aspects of kidney cancer. The goal of this article is to present the practicing urologist with a compact overview of the most important hereditary syndromes with kidney cancer predisposition and by this improve the primary diagnostic and treatment of renal cancer patients and their relatives. We conducted a literature search on the five most important hereditary syndromes with kidney cancer association and summarized the results in a chart. Additionally, we formed the acronym ToSCaNA combining the most important extrarenal manifestations of the syndromes. Based on this data, a diagnostic workflow and treatment path was established. All in all, hereditary kidney cancer is a rare entity, which nonetheless could present as a significant number in high-volume centers. For doctors who scarcely get in contact with these types of tumors, the acronym and workflow could pose a valuable asset for their clinical diagnostic portfolio. An early identification and diagnostic work-up of affected patients and their relatives is crucial for appropriate treatment and surveillance and allows the identification/treatment of additionally affected relatives. In patients with young age of onset and multifocal/bilateral occurrence of kidney cancer, hereditary syndromes should always be considered. The initial suspicion of a hereditary genesis of the cancer can be further evaluated by the acronym ToSCaNA and the presented workflow.