Abstract
Abstract Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a symptom and not a single disease with multiple possible causes, although atherosclerosis (and concomitant endothelial dysfunction), metabolic syndrome/diabetes mellitus, and psychosocial factors are the most common causes by far, other than the obvious population of men after pelvic surgeries (primarily prostatectomies) with iatrogenic ED. Herbal strategies to treat and prevent these major underlying problems, and thus alleviate the symptoms of ED, are reviewed. Antiatherosclerotic herbs, such as Allium sativum (garlic), Punica granatum (pomegranate), and Ginkgo biloba (ginkgo), are discussed for arteriogenic ED. Endothelial function-improving herbs, such as Epimedium spp. (horny goat weed) and Butea superba (red kwao krua), are discussed next for this same problem. The adaptogens with the most male-reproductive affinity, Panax ginseng (Asian ginseng) and Withania somnifera (ashwagandha) are then reviewed. Aphrodisiac herbs, principally effective for psychogenic ED ...
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