Herbivore grazing enhances macroalgal organic carbon release and alters their carbon sequestration fate in the ocean

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Herbivore grazing on macroalgae promotes the release of macroalgal organic carbons into seawater and potentially impacts their bioavailability. However, the influence of herbivores on the fate of macroalgal organic carbon remains unclear, hindering a comprehensive and in-depth understanding of the role of macroalgae in ocean carbon cycle. Here, we cocultured suspended herbivore (Apohyale sp.) and benthic herbivore (Nereis diversicolor) with macroalgae (Ulva prolifera) in the laboratory, and found that the two grazers promote the release of macroalgal organic carbon through different pathways. Apohyale sp. can simultaneously increase the release of different forms of organic carbon by feeding on U. prolifera thalli, including dissolved organic carbon (DOC), particluate organic carbon (POC), and algal organic detritus; while N. diversicolor demonstrated a preference for ingesting algal detritus and POC, thereby reducing the detrital carbon but greatly promoting their conversion to DOC. The amount of organic carbon released per day after predation by Apohyale sp. is much higher (7.2 vs 0.5 mg C d-1) than by N. diversicolor. Meanwhile, through long-term microbial degradation experiments, we found that herbivores significantly alter the fate of macroalgae organic carbon. Although the proportions of stable carbon (recalcitrant DOC and recalcitrant POC) in different forms of macroalgal organic carbon varied after predation, the absolute amount of their residuals in seawater were 2-3 times higher than those not ingested by herbivores. Our results highlight that herbivores play a pivotal role in promoting carbon flow in marine food webs and have a significant impact on macroalgal carbon sequestration.