Abstract
Due to the increasing awareness of the depletion of fossil fuel resources and environmental issues, biodiesel as alternative fuel has become more and more attractive in the recent years. In this research, the characterization of herbal industry wastes as a potential feedstock for biodiesel production was carried out. There results of analytical identification of the fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) obtained in the transesterification reaction are presented. The reaction conditions were optimized, considering hexane ratio and catalyst concentration (methanol and KOH) for both steps. The FAME were extracted from the herbal samples by ultrasound-assisted extraction and subsequently were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) using single ion monitoring (SIM) method. Additionally, the selected properties of some bioesters were analyzed. This study determined the compounds which are ideal for fuel production. The unsaturated fatty acids were found in higher amounts than saturated fatty acids. Linoleic acid (C18:2n6c) was the major unsaturated fatty acid in herbal wastes, while palmitic acid (16:0) was the major saturated fatty acid. The application of the optimized method also revealed differences in the physical and chemical properties of isolated FAME mixtures compared to conventional diesel fuel. In this research work, for the first time, the possibilities of using the herbal industry wastes as a potential feedstock for biodiesel production are assessed.
Highlights
Biodiesel production is one of the interesting alternative fuel which can be produced from renewable sources [1]
Conventional biodiesel mainly comes from soybean and vegetable oils [2], palm oil [3], sunflower oil [4], rapeseed oil [5] as well as restaurant waste oil [6]
The dominant fatty acids were palmitic acid (16:0), palmitoleic acid (16:1), oleic acid (18:1), linolelaidic acid (C18:2n6t), linoleic acid (C18:2n6c), linolenic acid (18:3), behenic acid (22:0) and nervonic acid (24:1), which are suitable for fuel production
Summary
Biodiesel production is one of the interesting alternative fuel which can be produced from renewable sources [1]. One of the ways is the production of liquid fuel from herbal industry wastes. They are generated in the herbal production process, mainly during packing herbs. In Poland, there are many modern herbal companies, and some of them produce annually approximately 30 tons of fine wastes biomass in the form of above-ground parts of the selected species of herbs [7]. The aim of the research was to determine the fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) from herbal industry wastes. We determined the selected physicochemical properties of pure FAME mixtures and their potential utility as a material source for biodiesel production
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