Abstract
Currently, hundreds of herbal products with potential hepatotoxicity were available in the literature. A comprehensive summary and analysis focused on these potential hepatotoxic herbal products may assist in understanding herb-induced liver injury (HILI). In this work, we collected 335 hepatotoxic medicinal plants, 296 hepatotoxic ingredients, and 584 hepatoprotective ingredients through a systematic literature retrieval. Then we analyzed these data from the perspectives of phylogenetic relationship and structure-toxicity relationship. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that hepatotoxic medicinal plants tended to have a closer taxonomic relationship. By investigating the structures of the hepatotoxic ingredients, we found that alkaloids and terpenoids were the two major groups of hepatotoxicity. We also identified eight major skeletons of hepatotoxicity and reviewed their hepatotoxic mechanisms. Additionally, 15 structural alerts (SAs) for hepatotoxicity were identified based on SARpy software. These SAs will help to estimate the hepatotoxic risk of ingredients from herbs. Finally, a herb-ingredient network was constructed by integrating multiple datasets, which will assist to identify the hepatotoxic ingredients of herb/herb-formula quickly. In summary, a systemic analysis focused on HILI was conducted which will not only assist to identify the toxic molecular basis of hepatotoxic herbs but also contribute to decipher the mechanisms of HILI.
Highlights
As the major organ of drug metabolism, liver is more likely to suffer from drug injury than other organs
In this work, we summarized and analyzed the hepatotoxic herbs/ingredients published in the literature by which we attempted to find some clues about the occurrence of herb-induced liver injury (HILI) from the perspectives of the phylogenetic relationship and structure-toxicity relationship
As the natural source of drugs and dietary supplements, herbs play an essential role in drug discovery and development
Summary
As the major organ of drug metabolism, liver is more likely to suffer from drug injury than other organs. Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) always leads to severe clinical adverse events, including hepatitis, liver fibrosis, liver failure, and even death [1,2,3]. More than 1100 medicines have been reported to cause various degrees of liver toxicity [4]. Data from the United States indicated that. DILI has become the leading cause of acute liver injury events in clinical [5]. Among 14 toxicity factors of drug withdrawal from markets, DILI ranking first by a percentage of 27% [6]. It is of significance to study DILI
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