Abstract

Cereal vinegar sediment (CVS) is a natural precipitate formed during the aging process of traditional grain vinegar. It has been used as Chinese traditional medicine, while its composition and function are reported minimally. In this study, we measured CVS in terms of saccharide, protein, fat and water content, and polyphenol and flavonoid content. Furthermore, we determined the amino acids, organic acids, and other soluble metabolites in CVS using reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), HPLC, and liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) platforms. The hepatoprotective effect of CVS was evaluated in acute CCl4-induced liver injury mice. Administration of CVS for 7 days prior to the CCl4 treatment can significantly decrease liver alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, compared with those in the hepatic injury model group. The gut microbiota was changed by CCl4 administration and was partly shifted by the pretreatment of CVS, particularly the Muribaculaceae family, which was increased in CVS-treated groups compared with that in the CCl4 administration group. Moreover, the abundances of Alistipes genus and Muribaculaceae family were correlated with the liver ALT, AST, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Our results illustrated the composition of CVS and its hepatoprotective effect in mice, suggested that CVS could be developed as functional food to prevent acute liver injury.

Highlights

  • Cereal vinegar sediment (CVS) is a natural precipitate during the aging process of traditional solidstate fermented vinegar with grain as raw material

  • CSV was made during the cereal vinegar aging process for years

  • Our untargeted metabolomics analysis of CVS proved this understanding, p-coumaroylagmatine was likely carried from barley [40]

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Summary

Introduction

Cereal vinegar sediment (CVS) is a natural precipitate during the aging process of traditional solidstate fermented vinegar with grain as raw material. Vinegar sediment has CVS Prevent Acute Liver Injury several effects on the intestinal tract. Fukuyama et al [7] found that Japanese black vinegar Kurozu Moromi paste inhibited the development of colon cancer in mice, but vinegar itself could not inhibit the growth of colon cancer. Shizuma et al [8] found that vinegar had anti-colitis and anti-oxidation effects in dextran sulfate sodium-induced mice models and speculated that its amino acids and oligopeptides, and other organic substances, might be biologically active. It was found that Kurozu Moromi could inhibit the growth of hepatoma cells and prolong the survival time of hepatoma mice [9]. The research on its material basis and mechanism of liver protection is still insufficient

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