Abstract
Aromatic vinegar with abundant bioactive components can be used as a food additive to assist the treatment of various diseases. However, its effect on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is still unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanism of Hengshun aromatic vinegar in preventing NAFLD in vivo and in vitro. Aromatic vinegar treatment was applied to rats fed with a high-fat diet (HFD) and HepG2 cells challenged with palmitic acid (PA). Our results showed that aromatic vinegar markedly improved cell viabilities and attenuated cell damage in vitro. The levels of TC, TG, FFA, AST, ALT, and malondialdehyde (MDA) in HFD-induced rats were significantly decreased by aromatic vinegar. Mechanism investigation revealed that aromatic vinegar markedly up-regulated the level of silent information regulator of transcription 1 (Sirt1), and thereby inhibited inflammation of the pathway through down-regulating the expressions of high mobility group box 1, toll-likereceptor-4, nuclear transcription factor-κB, tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor-6, and inflammatory factors. Aromatic vinegar simultaneously increased the expression of farnesoid X receptor and suppressed expressions of lipogenesis related proteins, including fatty acid synthase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase-1, sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1, and stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1. These results were further validated by knockdown of Sirt1 using siRNAs silencing in vitro. In conclusion, Hengshun aromatic vinegar showed protective effects against NAFLD by enhancing the activity of SIRT1 and thereby inhibiting lipogenesis and inflammation pathways, which is expected to become a new assistant strategy for NAFLD therapy in the future.
Highlights
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a clinicopathological syndrome characterized by excessive fatty deposition of hepatocytes, excluding alcohol and other well-defined liver damage factors
The results indicate that when the concentration of aromatic vinegar was higher than 1.5%, aromatic vinegar induced cell damage in HepG2 cells (Figure 1A)
When the concentration of aromatic vinegar was less than 1.5%, the viability of HepG2 cells has no significant difference compared with the control group, indicating that aromatic vinegar was safe for HepG2 cells under the treatment conditions
Summary
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a clinicopathological syndrome characterized by excessive fatty deposition of hepatocytes, excluding alcohol and other well-defined liver damage factors. It is strongly associated with dyslipidemia, obesity, hypertension, and insulin resistance (Dowman et al, 2011). In 2016, the global prevalence of NAFLD was about 25%, with the highest rates in South America and the Middle East and the lowest in Africa (Younossi et al, 2016). It is estimated that the overall prevalence of NAFLD among adults will reach 33.5% by 2030 (Estes et al, 2018). NAFLD has become an increasingly serious public health problem due to its rising incidence whether in developed or semi-developed countries
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