Abstract
Background: Paracetamol overdose is a predominant cause of hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in both humans and experimental animals. There is an emerging focus on plant products to find a highly effective and reliable drug for the prevention of paracetamol –induced toxicity.
 Objective: In this study, we investigated the Hepatoprotective and Reno-protective Effects of artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) Leaf extract and rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) extract against paracetamol Induced toxicity in Albino Rats.
 Materials and Methods: Rats were divided into five groups: Negative control, paracetamol (1000 mg/kg dose) PCT, artichoke leaf extract “ALE” (1.5 g/kg, orally + paracetamol for 30 d), rosemary extract “RE” (125 mg/kg + paracetamol for 30 days) and the last group was treated with PCT+ ALE+ RE for 30 days.
 Results: Paracetamol caused marked liver damage as noted by significant increased activities of serum aminotransferases, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transferase and lactate dehydrogenase. Paracetamol also raised serum levels of urea, creatinine, and Cystatin-C. In addition, there was a significant decrease in serum total protein and albumin. Paracetamol caused an elevation in lipid peroxidation paralleled with significant decline in reduced glutathione (GSH) level and activities of glutathione-S- transferase (GST), glutathione (GPX) peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the liver and kidney. These results are confirmed in the histological examination of the liver and kidney.
 Conclusion: Treatment with artichoke leaf extract (ALE) and rosemary extract (RE) produced a potential protection of the liver and kidney against biochemical and histological alterations and oxidative stress induced by paracetamol.
Highlights
Paracetamol (PCT) used as a pain relief analgesic for arthritis, muscle aches, headache, fever and cold etc [1]
PCT is safe in therapeutic doses; overdose increase reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and worsen antioxidant defense [2,3]
Rats were housed under a controlled temperature of 25 ± 2°C and a relative humidity of 50-70%. balanced diet was prepared according to American Institute of Nutrition (AIN93) and amended by Reeves et al [12]
Summary
Paracetamol (PCT) used as a pain relief analgesic for arthritis, muscle aches, headache, fever and cold etc [1]. Paracetamol has been repotted to cause acute kidney and liver injuries in experimental animal and humans [4,5]. Plant products are remarkably effective and reliable natural remedy for the prevention and cure of PCT -induced renal and hepatic-toxicity. Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), is a Mediterranean plant It has antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory activities [6]. There is an emerging focus on plant products to find a highly effective and reliable drug for the prevention of paracetamol –induced toxicity. Objective: In this study, we investigated the Hepatoprotective and Reno-protective Effects of artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) Leaf extract and rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) extract against paracetamol Induced toxicity in Albino Rats. Results: Paracetamol caused marked liver damage as noted by significant increased activities of serum aminotransferases, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transferase and lactate dehydrogenase.
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