Abstract
BackgroundThe increase in demand and consumption of single clove garlic or ‘Solo garlic’ (Allium sativum) has resulted in an increase in research on its therapeutic properties. The present study aims to evaluate the antioxidant activities, oxidant-scavenging efficiency and preventive effects of SCG (single clove garlic) and MCG (multi clove garlic) on CCl4-induced acute hepatotoxicity in male rabbits.MethodsFor this purpose, rabbits were orally administered with 3 ml of CCl4 /kg of body weight, followed by 0.8 g of MCG or SCG/kg twice a week for three successive weeks. Oxidative hepatotoxicity was then assessed.ResultsSCG extracts exhibited higher antioxidant capacity than the MCG extract. Scavenging ability of SCG showed significant (p < 0.05) elevation against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and superoxide radicals in comparison to MCG. In addition, total phenolic content of SCG was significantly elevated (p < 0.001), thereby suggesting that the composition of garlic storage constituents varies with the number of cloves present. CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity demonstrated histological changes including severe damage in the structure of liver tissues which correlated well to oxidative stress levels. Simultaneously, administration of SCG resulted in a significant reduction of serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and total bilirubin (TB) levels in addition to improvement in some histological parameters. Low levels of lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde, MDA) (p < 0.001), along with a huge reduction in peroxidase (POx) (p < 0.001) revealed protection against oxidative toxicity in the liver homogenate. Higher levels of catalase (CAT) (p < 0.001) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) (p < 0.05) when compared to the MCG test (TM) group indicates that removal of H2O2 is based on CAT activity in SCG test (TS) group rather than the POx activity demonstrated in the former group.ConclusionThe present study indicates that SCG possesses more protective ability than MCG against CCl4-induced liver injury and might be an effective alternative medicine against acute oxidative liver toxicity.
Highlights
The increase in demand and consumption of single clove garlic or ‘Solo garlic’ (Allium sativum) has resulted in an increase in research on its therapeutic properties
We extend observations on Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver damage in rabbits, an animal model for hepatotoxicity and report experiments on hepatocytes exposed to CC14, with the ensuing toxicity modified by single clove garlic (SCG) possibly targeting different steps of the CC14 attack
In vitro antioxidant activity of garlic extract A comparison of the antioxidant capacities of lyophilized powders of ethanolic extracts showed greater scavenging ability by SCG against DPPH and superoxide radical (Table 1)
Summary
The increase in demand and consumption of single clove garlic or ‘Solo garlic’ (Allium sativum) has resulted in an increase in research on its therapeutic properties. CCl4 is an extensively used chemical solvent in various industrial processes. It is a wellestablished hepatotoxic substance and is the bestcharacterized animal model of xenobiotic-induced free radical-mediated hepatotoxicity [3]. The radicals formed increases lipid metabolism with a consequent decrease in its transport out of the hepatocyte causing steatosis, or fatty liver. Reactive aldehydes formed by breakdown of radicals increase membrane permeability and cause cell death. Dominance of such pro-oxidants over antioxidants causes oxidative stress leading to chemical modification and/or damage of proteins, carbohydrates, nucleotides and lipids [5]. Hepatocyte necrosis, hemorrhage, vacuolar change and hydropic degeneration were apparent in mice after CCl4 administration [7]
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