Hepatomegaly and fatty liver disease secondary to central hypothyroidism in combination with macrosomia as initial presentation of IGSF1 deficiency syndrome.

Abstract

IGSF1 deficiency syndrome (immunoglobulin superfamily member 1) is considered the most common sex-linked cause of secondary congenital hypothyroidism and is characterized by a wide variety of other clinical and biochemical features, including hypoprolactinemia, transient and partial growth hormone deficiency, early/normal timing of testicular enlargement but delayed testosterone rise in puberty, and adult macro-orchidism. Congenital central hypothyroidism is a rare disease (1:65,000 births); the detection of which may be delayed and missed by neonatal screening programs since most neonatal screening programs are based on TSH determination in dried blood spots only. Untreated hypothyroidism may cause abnormal liver biochemistry and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Our aim is to report a case of secondary hypothyroidism in an infant with an uncommon initial presentation. A 3-month-old male baby was referred to our hospital due to elevated alpha-fetoprotein levels, hypercholesterolemia, and macrosomia. Initial investigations revealed enlarged fatty liver and central hypothyroidism. Pituitary insufficiency was biochemically excluded and a pituitary MRI showed normal findings. Upon genetic analysis, a hemizygous variant NM_001170961.1:c.2422dup, p.(His808Profs*14), in IGSF1 gene was detected, establishing the diagnosis of the IGSF1 deficiency syndrome. In our patient, no other clinical findings were identified. Treatment with levothyroxine led to the remission of liver disease. Liver disease may be the initial presentation of secondary hypothyroidism in neonates and infants. Macrosomia in patients with isolated secondary central hypothyroidism is a strong indicator of IGSF1 syndrome.