Hepatitis E outbreak at a nursing home for aged people in Hokkaido, Japan, between February and March 2016

Abstract

BackgroundInfection with hepatitis E virus (HEV) genotypes 3 and 4 are usually asymptomatic but can occasionally result in life-threatening acute hepatitis. To date, only sporadic cases together with a few outbreaks have been documented. Seroprevalence studies with assays for the detection of HEV IgG antibodies, suggest that HEV is more prevalent than previously thought, even in non-endemic regions. ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to characterize an outbreak of hepatitis E (HE) in a nursing home for aged people between February and March 2016. Study designAfter the identification of two cases living in the same nursing home, the presence of antibodies against HEV and HEV RNA were examined in serum samples collected from the other residents and staff members to identify any additional cases. An epidemiological investigation was also carried out. ResultsOnly 4 patients showed mild symptoms such as anorexia, abdominal pain and fatigue. Among the 125 persons tested, 28 residents and one dietitian were confirmed positive for anti-HEV IgA or IgM antibodies, and/or HEV RNA. Eight samples had only IgG antibodies. Finally, 22 cases were notified with HE on the basis of the presence of IgA antibodies. All HEV isolates obtained were 99.8–100% identical and belonged to genotype 3. ConclusionHEV infections seem to be under-reported or underestimated possibly due to cases being generally asymptomatic. Testing for the presence of both anti-HEV antibodies and HEV RNA would be beneficial for both the comprehensive diagnosis of HE infections and the prevention of further infections.