Abstract
Heparinoid is the generic term that is used for heparin, heparan sulfate (HS), and heparin-like molecules of animal or plant origin and synthetic derivatives of sulfated polysaccharides. Various biological activities of heparin/HS are attributed to their specific interaction and regulation with various heparin-binding cytokines, antithrombin (AT), and extracellular matrix (ECM) biomolecules. Specific domains with distinct saccharide sequences in heparin/HS mediate these interactions are mediated and require different highly sulfated saccharide sequences with different combinations of sulfated groups. Multivalent and cluster effects of the specific sulfated sequences in heparinoids are also important factors that control their interactions and biological activities. This review provides an overview of heparinoid-based biomaterials that offer novel means of engineering of various heparin-binding cytokine-delivery systems for biomedical applications and it focuses on our original studies on non-anticoagulant heparin-carrying polystyrene (NAC-HCPS) and polyelectrolyte complex-nano/microparticles (N/MPs), in addition to heparin-coating devices.
Highlights
Heparinoids are generically referred to as heparin, heparan sulfate (HS), and heparin-like molecules, and they are involved in various biological processes involving heparin-binding proteins, such as various cytokines
Heparin/HS, which are major groups in heparinoids, are synthesized as PGs, which consist of polysaccharide chains that are covalently bound to a protein core
The controlled release of biologically active fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2 from fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) containing NAC-heparin/CH-LA led to the induction of angiogenesis and, possibly, collateral circulation [123,124] (Table 2)
Summary
Heparinoids are generically referred to as heparin, heparan sulfate (HS), and heparin-like molecules, and they are involved in various biological processes involving heparin-binding proteins, such as various cytokines. The above-mentioned activities of heparin-binding cytokines occur in the ECM through specific non-covalent interactions with, for example, ECM receptor molecules and PGs in which multiple GAGs are covalently attached [34]. Biomaterials that are modified with heparinoids may exhibit increased stability and controlled release and activation Polyelectrolytes, such as heparinoids in the ECM, retain heparin-binding cytokines at the cell-material interface via specific interactions [38,39]. Heparin/HS function to localize and control heparin-binding cytokine activity, as do various heparin/HS-based biomaterials, such as heparin-carrying polystyrene, heparinoid-containing hydrocolloids, polyelectrolyte complex nano/micro-particles (N/MPs), and heparin-coated devices exhibiting the multivalent and cluster effects that result from specific sulfated sequences in heparin/HS. We highlight our studies while using heparinoid-based biomaterials in heparin-binding cytokine delivery systems
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
