Heparin Coating on Ureteral Double J Stents Prevents Encrustations: An in Vivo Case Study

Abstract

To evaluate the ability of heparin coating to inhibit Double J stent encrustation and compare it with the classic polyurethane Double J stent. The study involved five patients with bilateral obstructions, who required bilateral ureteral Double J stent placement. Every patient received a heparin-coated Double J stent and a traditional polyurethane Double J stent for 1 month. After removal, the stents were analyzed using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and micro-infrared spectrophotometry (Micro-IR). These same techniques were used to analyze the heparin-coated and uncoated stents before insertion. The thickness, extension, and composition of encrustation of the coated and uncoated stents were compared. Moreover, two heparin-coated stents were analyzed with the same techniques after they had been in place for 10 and 12 months. FESEM analysis showed that the difference in encrustation thickness and extension between the two groups was significant. EDS and Micro-IR confirmed that in the heparinized stents the encrustations were not as uniform and compact as those in the uncoated stents. The stents that were left in place long-term were free of encrustations and had no changes in the heparin layer. Heparin coating reduces stent encrustation. Moreover, as no changes were seen in the heparin layer, we concluded that covalent heparin bonding enhances its adhesion to the polyurethane surface and ensures its stability for long periods. The heparin-coated stent appears to be a useful tool for long-term urinary drainage.