Abstract

The dorsal lip of the blastopore of the gastrulating amphibian embryo is a unique region which, when transplanted to an ectopic position in a host embryo, induces the formation of a secondary embryonic axis, organised along the rostrocaudal, dorsoventral and mediolateral axes (Spemann & Mangold, 1924). Cells of the ectoderm of the host adjacent to the graft undergo a change in fate, from epidermal to neural. This property of the amphibian dorsal lip is now widely referred to as “Spemann’s organizer”. In the early 1930’s, C.H. Waddington demonstrated that amniote embryos (ducks, chicks and rabbits) could also be made to generate a second nervous system by transplanting the tip of the primitive streak, a region known as Hensen’s node (Waddington, 1932; 1933).

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