Abstract
Simple SummaryCultivation of industrial hemp Cannabis sativa in the United States is now being expanded due to the recent legalization of the crop. Multiple insect pests attack the crop. One of the common pests is the corn earworm Helicoverpa zea that causes extensive damage to the marketable parts of hemp. Changing global climate may lead to expansion of the geographic range of insect pests. Thus, growers of this crop in the United States have to face new and intense pest problems now and in the years to come. Here, we assess the potential relationship between corn earworm infestation and hemp production in the US in the face of climate change. We also provide an update on the arthropods associated with hemp cultivation across the US. Climate change can affect aspects of interactions between hemp and corn earworm. Temperature and photoperiod affect the development and diapause process in H. zea. Drought leads to a reduction in hemp growth. Overall, our assessment suggests the selection of varieties resistant to stresses from climate and insects. Host plant diversity may prevent populations of corn earworm from reaching outbreak levels. Ongoing research on effective management of H. zea on hemp is critical.There has been a resurgence in the cultivation of industrial hemp, Cannabis sativa L., in the United States since its recent legalization. This may facilitate increased populations of arthropods associated with the plant. Hemp pests target highly marketable parts of the plant, such as flowers, stalks, and leaves, which ultimately results in a decline in the quality. Industrial hemp can be used for several purposes including production of fiber, grain, and cannabidiol. Thus, proper management of pests is essential to achieve a substantial yield of hemp in the face of climate change. In this review, we provide updates on various arthropods associated with industrial hemp in the United States and examine the potential impact of climate change on corn earworm (CEW) Helicoverpa zea Boddie, a major hemp pest. For example, temperature and photoperiod affect the development and diapause process in CEW. Additionally, drought can lead to a reduction in hemp growth. Host plant diversity of CEW may prevent populations of the pest from reaching outbreak levels. It is suggested that hemp varieties resistant to drought, high soil salinity, cold, heat, humidity, and common pests and diseases should be selected. Ongoing research on effective management of CEW in hemp is critical.
Highlights
Industrial hemp or hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) cultivation is assuming new geographical borders around the world [1,2,3]
H. zea could respond to climate change by altering its voltinism
Natural enemies of corn earworm are dependent on the resilience of their host in the face of climate change
Summary
Industrial hemp or hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) cultivation is assuming new geographical borders around the world [1,2,3] It is of medicinal, industrial, and economic importance. An important aspect of hemp cultivation is the management of arthropod pests. Efficient management of arthropod pests on hemp starts with surveying and properly identifying its insect community. With the current expansion in the cultivation of hemp across several states, reports/knowledge of arthropod pests needs to be updated. Surveys have suggested negative grower experiences with hemp production especially from first-time or inexperienced hemp growers [10] This highlights the need to educate growers on arthropod communities and pest control on hemp. Biotic factors play a decisive role in species spatviaalludeiMsotafrniibnyudptuihosynttrsoiapplrhheasegemonuptlsyiinannsthedcetwsUiflSelecidsoniomtninpiunacdetuuesdntdrdieaurlefhuteotmusrpee,vctehlriomaulagptheescothnianlynsegscoetm[s1ep8e]s.cpTieehcsieeinms caartretkaaiesn-t ihaipiTppSstnnnhsteaetaeegssaamsbtrsemotlhttatlyecscepesdsstSisaia.stalaoUtianosM1otnammsetcdSintuaoddaoo.aedncsstssHgettiwd,t[aphamedae1ptleie2fr2kefltiaas,oethf,dtote1ob,nhrasws5lCwweonol]satoarae.dgeihpesnwntreCresherMndnsboiercna,tcsucavtehbbsgr;iinidsvioaueeaessscstepncwnephaeglkaedntdyral[iefinao.go1nwpgwndcdeb2goSoidr]auieasrol.itltl[clienhulmie1Styeansapis9ohd.eloea—r]d.mecnMtts[raohatm,p1eseotrrrca2eepptsoafPna]hs.o.spthatudarhsrsCoreotrot:etrhmdrerplcdoaaaadosioopenannrrdftattrssgdoaheesbhfelndrhepoiaedtoadeaouhtwwptdvaroattaoteiehretrl2tetdr.seth7hdasp,s[a2;arr1sflrle(onosue5.sobspvna]cp[cwoo1ktoiuedtcou2hiedhcrienu]rraierssaegspdsetmcsloelneaeriydennpsoisntbnltcsfrdpysheereieineiedcamnsvbcstmensiosettayeeedhdnpmabwdcsesnobtssapaiedue,edaUcndevncntremcahSoeerdia1gereefsi5reitaawssdmtce0mlr:histeiaiaaphrsnteolorspeergslntnpiee)htsnsUdicolatprnneeieandofeesiaefdttpisecseveohticocedereoioettddnsssssrf-f,, ipnegstinndour sbterniaelfihceiaml tpoahcermosps tthhaet UexSi.stFiunrtthheerUmSoraer,ewliseteddisicnuTssabhloew3. climate change could affect one of the prevalent pests
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