Abstract
In this study, we manufactured biocompatible hemostatic crosslinked chitosan (CS) patches and analyzed their physicochemical and biological properties for femoral arterial puncture applications. CS is a representative hemostatic material but has some drawbacks, such as swelling, shrinkage, and brittleness. Thus, it was crosslinked via a 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethyl aminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC)/N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) coupling reaction and a nucleophilic addition reaction with citric acid (CA), glutaraldehyde (GTA), and genipin (GP) to remedy its shortcomings. The CSCA (crosslinked CS with CA/EDC), CSGTA (crosslinked CS with GTA), and CSG (crosslinked CS with GP) films showed low swelling degrees and good mechanical properties (excluding CSCA) compared with those of neat CS films. Additionally, every crosslinked CS film coated with thrombin (TB-CS) showed enhanced hemostatic ability in the whole blood clotting and activated partial thromboplastin time tests. Furthermore, the CSCA, CSGTA, and CSGP were nontoxic in an in vitro cell cytotoxicity test (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay) using L-929 mouse fibroblasts cells.
Highlights
Femoral arterial punctures that occur after stent insertion surgeries trigger uncontrolled bleeding
The three previously mentioned kinds of crosslinked CS films were synthesized via ethyl-3-(3-dimethyl aminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC)/NHS coupling and nucleophilic addition reactions to improve CS’s swelling and mechanical properties
The activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and whole blood clotting tests were performed using the slide method to evaluate the hemostatic ability of the crosslinked CS films [20,21]
Summary
Femoral arterial punctures that occur after stent insertion surgeries trigger uncontrolled bleeding. Arterial hemostasis methods are performed traditionally by manual compression over the wound site or using compression devices, such as bioresorbable plugs and sutures. These methods can induce peripheral blood vessel complications and cause more pain for patients because of the hemostasis time extension [1,2]. The three previously mentioned kinds of crosslinked CS films were synthesized via EDC/NHS coupling and nucleophilic addition reactions to improve CS’s swelling and mechanical properties. These were coated with thrombin to improve their blood clotting effect.
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