Hemorrhage Detection and Incidence during Magnetic Resonance-Guided Deep Brain Stimulator Implantations

Abstract

Background/Aims: Intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging (iMRI) is increasingly used to implant deep brain stimulator (DBS) electrodes. The approach has the advantages of a high targeting accuracy, minimization of brain penetrations, and allowance of implantation under general anesthesia. The hemorrhagic complications of iMRI-guided DBS implantation have not been studied in a large series. We report on the incidence and characteristics of hemorrhage during these procedures. Methods: Hemorrhage incidence was assessed in a series of 231 iMRI procedures (374 electrodes implanted). All patients had movement disorders and the subthalamic nucleus or the globus pallidus internus was typically targeted. Hemorrhage was detected with intra- or postoperative MRI or postoperative computed tomography. Hemorrhage was classified based on its point of origin and clinical impact. Results: Hemorrhage and symptomatic hemorrhage were detected during 2.4 and 1.1% of electrode implantations, respectively. The hemorrhage origin was subdural/subarachnoid (n = 3), subcortical (n = 5), or deep (n = 1). Factors that contributed to hemorrhage included unintentional crossing of a sulcus and resistance at the pial membrane, which produced cortical depression and a rebound hemorrhage. Delayed hemorrhage occurred in 2 patients and was attributed to premature reintroduction of anticoagulation therapy or air intrusion into the cranial cavity. Conclusions: Hemorrhage was readily apparent on intraoperative imaging, and hemorrhage rates for iMRI-guided DBS implantations were comparable to those for conventional implantation approaches.