Abstract
Background and Aims: Hypoxia-driven plaque neovascularization is a feature of advanced atherosclerotic lesions. Plaque neo-vessels are immature, fragile and leaky which leads to the extravasation of red blood cells (RBCs) within atherosclerotic plaques. Outside of the RBCs, hemoglobin (Hb) is prone to oxidation, leading to the formation of oxidized Hb forms and free heme. These Hb oxidation products are present in complicated atherosclerotic lesions and they exhibit diverse pro-oxidant and pro-inflammatory features. The pro-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) plays a pivotal role in the progression of atherosclerosis. Here we investigated whether oxidized Hb forms trigger the formation of active IL-1β in vitro in endothelial cells and macrophages and in vivo.
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