Hemodynamic Responses to Different Ventricular Pacing Sites and Pacing Rates in Dog

Abstract

Background:The hemodynamic effects of an episode of ventricular tachycardia (VT may vary from mild decrease in blood pressure to sustained hypotension, collapse, and death. Little is known about the factors responsible for these diverse effects. Ventricular function, vasomotor tone, and tachycardia cycle length could be major determinants of variable hemodynamic responses to VT. The site of origin was found to be a factor affecting pulse pressure even in an isolated ventricular premature contraction. However, the role of origin site in hemodynamics of VT is not yet elucidated. The purposes of this study were to evaluate the effects of VT origin site and VT cycle length to their hemodynamic changes. And we also have assessed the role of cardiac autonomic receptor activation in hemodynamic recovery during and immediate after VT. Methods:In 18 open chest dogs anesthetized with chloralose, bipolar ventricular pacing (VP was performed using sutured epicardial electrodes at 3 different sites;left ventricular apex (LVA, right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT, and right ventricular apex (RVA. At each site, VP was repeated for 60 seconds at 3 different rates;1.75X, 2X, and 2.25X of baseline heart rate (BHR. Mean arterial pressure (MAP, mean left atrial pressure (MLAP and mean pulmonary artery pressure (MPAP were monitored during VP. ΔMAP was defined as the difference between the baseline MAP and lowest MAP during VP. Δ MLAP was defined as the difference between highest MLAP during VP and baseline MLAP. Cardiac vagal and β-adrenoreceptor blockades were achieved by intravenous bolus administration of propranolol (1 mg/kg and then 1 mg/kg/hr and atropine (0.5 mg/kg and then 0.5 mg/kg/ hr. After cardiac autonomic blockade, VP was repeated at 2X of baseline heart rate for 60 seconds at each site. Results:Baseline MAP, MLAP, and MPAP were 101±8.1 mmHg, 0.3±0.41 mmHg, and 10±2.4 mmHg, resp- ectively. At the same pacing site of VP, MAP was decreased significantly with VP and ΔMAP was incre-ased significantly as VP cycle length shortened (all p<0.001. At the same pacing cycle length of VP, ΔMAP was significantly greater at RVA or RVOT than LVA:LVA vs RVOT;all p<0.001 at 3 different rates, LVA vs RVA; p<0.05 (1.75X & 2X of BHR, p<0.001 (2.25X of BHR. But there was no significant difference in ΔMAP between RVA and RVOT. At the same pacing site of VP, MLAP and ΔMLAP were increased significantly