Hemodynamic changes following injection of local anesthetics with different concentrations of epinephrine during simple tooth extraction: A prospective randomized clinical trial

N Abu-Mostafa,K Al-Zawad,F Al-Zawad,F Al-Shubbar,F Al-Showaikhat

doi:10.4317/jced.52321

Abstract

Background Presence of epinephrine in local anesthetic cartridge increases the duration of local anesthesia (LA), decreases the risk of toxicity, and provides hemostasis. However, the unfavorable effects are increasing heart rate (HR) and raising blood pressure (BP). The aim was to evaluate hemodynamic changes in the BP, HR, and oxygen saturation (SpO2) of normal patients undergoing tooth extraction using LA with various epinephrine concentrations. Material and Methods A prospective randomized clinical trial was conducted on 120 patients who were divided randomly into 3 parallel groups according to the LA received. Group 1: lidocaine 2% with epinephrine 1:80,000 (L80). Group 2: articaine 4% with epinephrine 1:100,000 (A100). Group 3: articaine 4% with epinephrine 1:200,000 (A200). Inclusion criteria: normal patients whose BP < 140/90. Exclusion criteria: hypertension, cardiovascular disease, hyperthyroidism, pregnancy, and allergy to LA. BP, HR, and (SpO2) were evaluated in 3 different time points: 3 minutes before LA, 3 minutes after LA, and 3 minutes after extraction. Results Systolic blood pressure (SBP) significantly increased after injection of L80 and continued after extraction to be significant than pre-injection. SBP significantly increased after injection of A100 then decreased after extraction. In the group of A200, SBP insignificantly decreased after injection then increased after extraction. The increasing of SBP between time point 1and 2 was significantly higher in G1 than G3 (p=0.014). Diastolic blood pressure decreased after LA in the 3 groups; however it was significant only with L80, then increased after extraction for all. Conclusions The changings of DBP, HR and SpO2 after anesthesia and extraction showed no significant difference among the three groups. However, A200 had significant lesser effect on SBP than L80 and the least effect on other parameters. Therefore, A200 is considered safer than L80 and A100 and is recommended for LA before teeth extraction in normal patient. Key words:Local anesthesia, lidocaine, epinephrine 1:80,000, articaine, epinephrine 1:100,000, epinephrine 1:200,000, tooth extraction.

Highlights

The use of local anesthetics in combination with vasoconstrictor agents is justified in dentistry
The means of hemodynamic changes in systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, and oxygen saturation are available in table 1
This study addressed the effect of three different concentrations of epinephrine on blood pressure, heart rate, and oxygen saturation of normal patients who had simple tooth extractions

Summary

Introduction

The use of local anesthetics in combination with vasoconstrictor agents is justified in dentistry. Doing so counteracts the local vasodilation effect of local anesthetic agents and delays its absorption into the cardiovascular system These effects are beneficial in increasing the duration of local anesthesia and diminishing the risk of toxicity and provide hemostasis during surgery [1]. Stimulating of β 1receptors by epinephrine increases heart rate and raises blood pressure [5]. This study aimed to evaluate hemodynamic changes, including blood pressure, heart rate, and oxygen saturation, in normal patients following administration of local anesthetic cartridges containing three different concentrations of epinephrine: lidocaine 2% with epinephrine 1:80,000, articaine 4% with epinephrine 1:100,000, and articaine 4% with epinephrine 1:200,000. Diastolic blood pressure decreased after LA in the 3 groups; it was significant only with L80, increased after extraction for all. A200 is considered safer than L80 and A100 and is recommended for LA before teeth extraction in normal patient

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