Hemodynamic and hemorheologic determinants of left atrial spontaneous echo contrast and thrombus formation in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy

Abstract

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the specific role of hemorheologic and hemodynamic parameters for spontaneous echo contrast and thrombus formation in vivo. We therefore investigated the association between the presence of left atrial spontaneous echo contrast and thrombus formation by transesophageal echocardiography and multiple clinical, hemodynamic, and hemorheologic parameters in 70 patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Transesophageal echocardiography showed left atrial spontaneous echo contrast and left atrial thrombi in 33% and 19% of patients, respectively. Patients with left atrial spontaneous echo contrast had a lower cardiac index (2.1 ± 0.9 versus 2.6 ± 0.9 L/min/m 2; p < 0.02), a lower left atrial (21 ± 8 versus 38 ± 10 cm/sec; p < 0.001) and left atrial appendage flow velocity (17 ± 14 versus 39 ± 13 cm/sec; p < 0.001), a larger left atrial diameter (53 ± 6 versus 46 ± 10 mm; p < 0.002), and more often presented with atrial fibrillation (62% versus 32%; p < 0.02). Plasma fibrinogen concentration (4.0 ± 1.1 versus 3.5 ± 0.7 gm/L; p < 0.02) and plasma viscosity (1.83 ± 0.10 versus 1.76 ± 0.15 mPa · sec; p < 0.05) were higher in patients with spontaneous echo contrast. Multivariate analysis revealed an association between the presence of spontaneous echo contrast and left atrial flow velocity ( p < 0.0001) and plasma viscosity ( p < 0.01). In patients with left atrial (appendage) thrombus or a history of embolism, left atrial appendage flow velocity was lower (15.0 ± 8.2 versus 29.6 ± 14.5 cm/sec; p < 0.005) and spontaneous echo contrast was more frequently observed (52% versus 23%; p < 0.05). Hemorheologic parameters were not significantly different between patients with and without left atrial thrombus. In conclusion, left atrial thrombi and spontaneous echo contrast represent frequent findings in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. They are both primarily related to a low left atrial blood flow velocity. Hemorheologic factors may contribute to spontaneous echo contrast formation in vivo, but are unlikely to play a significant role for thrombus formation.