Abstract
Development of many conditions and disorders, such as atherosclerosis and stroke, are dependent upon hemodynamic forces. To accurately predict and prevent these conditions and disorders hemodynamic forces must be properly mapped. Here we compare a shear-rate dependent fluid (SDF) constitutive model, based on the works by Yasuda et al in 1981, against a Newtonian model of blood. We verify our stabilized finite element numerical method with the benchmark lid-driven cavity flow problem. Numerical simulations show that the Newtonian model gives similar velocity profiles in the 2-dimensional cavity given different height and width dimensions, given the same Reynolds number. Conversely, the SDF model gave dissimilar velocity profiles, differing from the Newtonian velocity profiles by up to 25% in velocity magnitudes. This difference can affect estimation in platelet distribution within blood vessels or magnetic nanoparticle delivery. Wall shear stress (WSS) is an important quantity involved in vascular remodeling through integrin and adhesion molecule mechanotransduction. The SDF model gave a 7.3-fold greater WSS than the Newtonian model at the top of the 3-dimensional cavity. The SDF model gave a 37.7-fold greater WSS than the Newtonian model at artery walls located immediately after bifurcations in the idealized femoral artery tree. The pressure drop across arteries reveals arterial sections highly resistive to flow which correlates with stenosis formation. Numerical simulations give the pressure drop across the idealized femoral artery tree with the SDF model which is approximately 2.3-fold higher than with the Newtonian model. In atherosclerotic lesion models, the SDF model gives over 1 Pa higher WSS than the Newtonian model, a difference correlated with over twice as many adherent monocytes to endothelial cells from the Newtonian model compared to the SDF model.
Highlights
Coronary artery disease causes 1 of every 6 deaths in America and can result from inadequate blood supply to cardiac muscles [1]
To investigate hemodynamic forces within a more relevant physiology, we developed an idealized femoral artery tree (Fig 3A)
We present a 3-dimensional idealized femoral artery tree that can be used as a test bed for hemodynamic simulations through an reproducible geometry
Summary
Coronary artery disease causes 1 of every 6 deaths in America and can result from inadequate blood supply to cardiac muscles [1]. Despite patient-specific studies such as these, the ability of the biofluid mechanics community to apply new methods to study, recreate, and validate patient-specific geometries has been severely limited This problem arises because patient-specific geometries are not shared due to the containment of patient information. To circumvent this problem, we present a biologically relevant idealized femoral artery tree geometry for numerical method verification. We present a biologically relevant idealized femoral artery tree geometry for numerical method verification This test geometry will allow researchers to ensure that physiologically relevant numerical simulations are obtained before progressing into patient-specific geometries
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