Abstract
In our organism, mucous surfaces are important boundaries against the environmental milieu with defined fluxes of metabolites through these surfaces and specific rules for defense reactions. Major mucous surfaces are formed by epithelia of the respiratory system and the digestive tract. The heme peroxidases lactoperoxidase (LPO), myeloperoxidase (MPO), and eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) contribute to immune protection at epithelial surfaces and in secretions. Whereas LPO is secreted from epithelial cells and maintains microbes in surface linings on low level, MPO and EPO are released from recruited neutrophils and eosinophils, respectively, at inflamed mucous surfaces. Activated heme peroxidases are able to oxidize (pseudo)halides to hypohalous acids and hypothiocyanite. These products are involved in the defense against pathogens, but can also contribute to cell and tissue damage under pathological conditions. This review highlights the beneficial and harmful functions of LPO, MPO, and EPO at unperturbed and inflamed mucous surfaces. Among the disorders, special attention is directed to cystic fibrosis and allergic reactions.
Highlights
Inflamed Mucous Surfaces.Our organism is permanently exposed to various kinds of microorganisms
In cystic fibrosis (CF), a multiorgan disease, secretion of anions from epithelial cells is disturbed as a result of genetic defects in CFTR
As important components of immune reactions, the heme peroxidases LPO, MPO, and eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) and their products contribute to the protection against pathogens
Summary
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is another heme peroxidase that is enriched in polymorphonuclear leukocytes, known as neutrophils [7,8] At inflamed sites, these cells recognize, phagocytose, and deis another heme peroxidase that isthe enriched in polymorphonuclear grade microbes and fungi under involvement of MPO. Under cell-deperoxidase contributes to killing larger pathogens such as helminths by eosinophil rived heme peroxidases are discussed for their involvement in destructive reactions. MPO is known exert ainflammatory dual role as aconditions, beneficial or damaging agent in heme peroxidases are discussed for their involvement in destructive reactions. This review highlights the participation of heme peroxidases in immune reactions at agents in the pathogenesis of diseases of mucous epithelia. Unperturbed and inflamed mucous surfaces and the involvement of peroxidase-derived agents in the pathogenesis of diseases of mucous epithelia
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