Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of sublethal phosalone concentrations on the hematological, serum biochemical, and immunological responses of carp (Cyprinus carpio). The fish were semi-statically exposed to low (0.15 mg/L), medium (0.3 mg/L), and high (0.6 mg/L) phosalone concentrations for 14 days. Results showed that the hematological variables red blood cell count (RBC, ×106/mm3), white blood cell count (×103/mm3), hematocrit (Hct, %), hemoglobin (Hb) concentration (g/dL), corpuscular volume mean (MCV, μm3), corpuscular Hb mean (MCH, pg), and mean corpuscular Hb concentration (MCHC, %) were significantly affected by phosalone concentrations. In addition, white blood cell types (neutrophil, lymphocyte, and monocyte) were also affected. Furthermore, serum proteins, metabolites, lipids, enzymes, and electrolytes were significantly altered by different phosalone concentrations. Nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT), lysozyme, and myeloperoxidase activities significantly altered treatment with phosalone concentrations. As a result, phosalone resulted in significant physiological and behavioral changes in C. carpio. These changes may potentially impair C. carpio’s survival capability in natural habitats or aquaculture.
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