Abstract
Hemagglutination is a critical reaction that occurs when antigens expressed on red blood cells (RBCs) react with the antibodies used for blood typing. Even though blood typing devices have been introduced to the market, they continue to face several limitations in terms of observation by the eye alone, blood manipulation difficulties, and the need for large-scale equipment, particularly process automated machines. Thus, this study aimed to design, fabricate, and test a novel hybrid passive microfluidic chip made of filter paper and polymer using a cost-effective xurography manufacturing technique. This chip is referred to as the microfluidic paper–plastic hybrid passive device (PPHD). A passive PPHD does not require external sources, such as a syringe pump. It is composed of a paper-based component that contains dried antibodies within its porous paper and a polymer component that serves as the detection zone. A single blood sample was injected into the chip’s inlet, and classification was determined using the mean intensity image. The results indicated that embedded antibodies were capable of causing RBC agglutination without a saline washing step and that the results could be classified as obviously agglutination or nonagglutination for blood typing using both the naked eye and a mean intensity image. As a proof-of-concept, this study demonstrated efficiency in quantitative hemagglutination measurement within a passive PPHD for blood typing, which could be used to simplify blood biomarker analysis.
Highlights
Blood agglutination or hemagglutination is a type of agglutination that occurs when antibodies bind to specific binding sites on antigens expressed on red blood cells (RBCs)
To determine blood agglutination and nonagglutination in paper–plastic hybrid passive device (PPHD), a simple interpretation of the blood typing experiment was performed to examine the images of each detection zone
The acquired images clearly differentiated between blood agglutination and nonagglutination, with blood agglutination being defined as clear blood at a detection zone with only a few spots of blood, whereas blood nonagglutination was defined as full blood at the detection zone (Figure 4)
Summary
Blood agglutination or hemagglutination is a type of agglutination that occurs when antibodies bind to specific binding sites on antigens expressed on red blood cells (RBCs). Blood typing discrepancies are uncommon, they must be a constant when patient safety is concerned [1,2]. To prevent this, using molecular blood grouping, such as PCR [3], next-generation sequencing [4], and whole-genome sequencing [5], could precisely provide more information on polymorphisms. These technologies are time-consuming, require central laboratory equipment, and are expensive. Hemagglutination for blood screening remains a major challenge for preventing blood typing discrepancies
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