Helpers compensate for age-related declines in parental care and offspring survival in a cooperatively breeding bird.

Martijn Hammers,Lotte A Van Boheemen,David S Richardson,Hannah L Dugdale,Jan Komdeur,Terry Burke,Sjouke A Kingma,Alexandra M Sparks

doi:10.1002/evl3.213

Abstract

Offspring from elderly parents often have lower survival due to parental senescence. In cooperatively breeding species, where offspring care is shared between breeders and helpers, the alloparental care provided by helpers is predicted to mitigate the impact of parental senescence on offspring provisioning and, subsequently, offspring survival. We test this prediction using data from a long‐term study on cooperatively breeding Seychelles warblers (Acrocephalus sechellensis). We find that the nestling provisioning rate of female breeders declines with their age. Further, the total brood provisioning rate and the first‐year survival probability of offspring decline progressively with age of the female breeder, but these declines are mitigated when helpers are present. This effect does not arise because individual helpers provide more care in response to the lower provisioning of older dominant females, but because older female breeders have recruited more helpers, thereby receiving more overall care for their brood. We do not find such effects for male breeders. These results indicate that alloparental care can alleviate the fitness costs of senescence for breeders, which suggests an interplay between age and cooperative breeding.

Highlights

Senescence—the progressive age-dependent decline in reproductive performance and survival, for example, as a result of a decline in physiological condition—occurs in a wide variety of organisms (Nussey et al 2013; Jones et al 2014)
If the ability to provide parental care declines with age, the care provided to offspring by helpers might alleviate the negative effects of parental senescence on parental care and offspring survival in cooperatively breeding species
Our results suggest that alloparental care alleviates the fitness costs of senescence for female breeders and their offspring, which suggests an interplay between age and cooperative breeding

Summary

Introduction

Senescence—the progressive age-dependent decline in reproductive performance and survival, for example, as a result of a decline in physiological condition—occurs in a wide variety of organisms (Nussey et al 2013; Jones et al 2014). If the ability to provide parental care declines with age, the care provided to offspring by helpers might alleviate the negative effects of parental senescence on parental care and offspring survival in cooperatively breeding species. Such an effect may occur because helpers provide more care in response to a reduction in the parental workload of the dominants, or because older dominants recruit more helpers. Further studies are needed to determine whether cooperation can buffer the adverse effects of senescence

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Conclusion