Abstract
Persistent infections with the human pathogen Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) have been closely associated with the induction and progression of a wide range of gastric disorders, including acute and chronic gastritis, ulceration in the stomach and duodenum, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma, and gastric adenocarcinoma. The pathogenesis of H. pylori is determined by a complicated network of manifold mechanisms of pathogen–host interactions, which involves a coordinated interplay of H. pylori pathogenicity and virulence factors with host cells. While these molecular and cellular mechanisms have been intensively investigated to date, the knowledge about outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) derived from H. pylori and their implication in bacterial pathogenesis is not well developed. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on H. pylori-derived OMVs.
Highlights
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a Gram-negative human pathogen that colonizes the epithelial lining in the human stomach
It is an attractive hypothesis that outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are transported through the epithelial monolayer and are released at the basal membrane, which could explain the delivery of virulence factors to extragastric body sites (Figure 2)
The idea that the OMV content is released into the host cells cytosol is a fascinating novel concept concerning how H. pylori might interfere with host cell function, and needs to be investigated in future
Summary
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a Gram-negative human pathogen that colonizes the epithelial lining in the human stomach. H. pylori developed a number of survival stratagems that allow bacterial persistence and immune evasion despite severe pathogenesis. In this context, H. pylori expresses a wide range of niche and virulence factors (reviewed in [11,12,13]), which are implicated in a complex molecular network that controls the induction and progression of H. pylori-dependent disorders [14]. The release of H. pylori OMVs is inversely related to the cell growth, shifting from low quantities of OMVs released during the logarithmic growth phase to high levels produced during the stationary phase This process is correlated with the shape transitions of the bacterium from spiral to curved, doughnut-shaped and coccoid morphologies [41]. Microorganisms 2020, 8, 1328 future studies are necessary to investigate the impact of HP1226 on OMV biogenesis in H. pylori hyper-vesiculating strains
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